LL-37 5mg
$ 80.00
LL-37, also known as Cathelicidin, is a cationic peptide composed of 37 amino acids and is primarily found in neutrophils. It is produced by the extracellular breakdown of hCAP18 proteins by protease enzymes. LL-37 has been researched for its potential antimicrobial characteristics. The peptide appears to form agglomerates and lipid bilayers, which may protect it from enzymatic degradation.
All peptides offered by 1stPharma are produced through the lyophilization (freeze-drying) process, a method that preserves molecular stability during handling and transport for approximately 3–4 months. Once reconstituted with bacteriostatic water, the solution must be stored under refrigeration to maintain integrity, where it generally remains viable for up to 30 days. Lyophilization, also referred to as cryodesiccation, is a specialized dehydration technique in which the compound is frozen and then placed under reduced pressure. This causes the frozen water content to sublimate directly from solid ice to vapor, leaving behind a stable, crystalline peptide powder. The resulting white, porous material can be kept at room temperature until reconstitution is required. After delivery, peptides should be safeguarded from light exposure and stored in a cool environment. For short-term use spanning several days to weeks, refrigeration at or below 4°C (39°F) is recommended. While lyophilized peptides may remain structurally intact at room temperature for weeks, cold storage provides added assurance of stability for ongoing research. For extended preservation lasting months or years, ultra-low freezing is preferred. Storage at –80°C (–112°F) offers the most reliable option for maintaining peptide quality and consistency over long durations. For detailed guidance on peptide handling and storage protocols, please refer to: Peptide Storage Information – 1stPharma.com For extended preservation, particularly for storage spanning multiple months to years, peptides are best kept in ultra-low freezers at approximately –80°C (–112°F). Under these long-term conditions, structural stability is maximized, ensuring peptides retain their quality and suitability for future research applications.
Overview
Antimicrobial peptides are structured with the potential to fight bacteria, fungi, and some viruses. These peptides may interact with targets in a non-specific fashion, supporting researchers’ belief that pathogens cannot easily develop resistance. LL-37 is an α-helical peptide considered essential for maintaining immunity. Studies suggest that LL-37 interacts with bacterial membranes via electrostatic attraction, followed by lateral diffusion and assembly on the membrane surface. This interaction may cause membrane disruption, pore formation, or degradation of bacterial cells.
Chemical Makeup
Molecular Formula: CÂ Â Â Â HÂ Â Â NÂ Â O
205 340 50 53
Molecular Weight: 4493.34 g/mol
Other Known Titles: CAP-18
LL-37 Peptide and Inflammatory Response
A study investigated LL-37’s role in inflammatory pathways. Tissue cultures were treated with and without U1 RNA, a non-coding RNA released upon tissue injury. LL-37 was added to both. Genetic analysis suggested that LL-37 combined with U1 RNA stimulated a significant epidermal inflammatory and defense response. LL-37 may enhance immune responses to damaged cells by influencing how self-nucleic acids are recognized through scavenger receptors (SRs) and clathrin-dependent endocytosis, triggering cytokine expression. Blocking SR-A6 and SR-B1 receptors reduced cytokine production, highlighting LL-37’s key role in immune modulation.
LL-37 Peptide and Autoimmunity Models
In psoriasis models, LL-37 forms complexes with DNA, potentially increasing interferon mechanisms and inflammatory responses. While LL-37 may protect against AIM2 inflammasome activation, its elevated presence in lesions may contribute to keratinocyte proliferation and the thick, scaly skin typical of psoriasis. This dual action shows LL-37’s complex immune regulatory role — promoting inflammation via interferon pathways while protecting against AIM2-driven IL-1β production.
LL-37 Peptide and Arthritis
In rheumatoid arthritis models, elevated LL-37 analog (rCRAMP) expression was observed in inflammatory cells. LL-37 may induce osteoblast apoptosis, leading to reduced bone formation in joints.
Increased LL-37 levels are characteristic of joint inflammation and may be useful for diagnostic purposes. Elevated LL-37 has also been seen in arteriosclerosis, where it activates interferons, indicating its role as an immunomodulatory agent in various inflammatory conditions.
LL-37 Peptide and Tissue Repair
Studies in mice show that LL-37 promotes angiogenesis and wound healing. It stimulates endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tubule formation, all key to vascularization and re-epithelialization. LL-37 may also counteract macrophage activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), fostering a tissue-healing environment. Synthetic and recombinant LL-37 both exhibited enhanced vascularization in experimental models.
LL-37 Peptide and Cancer Cells
Research into LL-37’s role in cancer suggests it may inhibit gastric cancer cell proliferation by activating bone morphogenetic protein signaling. When combined with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides—known immunotherapeutics—LL-37 appeared to increase lymphocyte sensitivity to these agents, indicating potential as an immunotherapy adjuvant.
LL-37 Peptide and the GI Tract
LL-37 expression appears elevated in gastrointestinal ulcers. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) activation by poly(I) enhances LL-37 expression through intracellular signaling involving TRIF, TRAF6, and TAK1. LL-37 may protect GI mucosa from microbial damage by suppressing LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts, helping to modulate inflammation locally.
Disclaimer
All products offered by 1stPharma.com are intended strictly for laboratory and scientific research purposes only. These products are not approved by the FDA, are not medicines or supplements, and are not sold for human consumption, medical treatment, or veterinary use. Any discussion of potential benefits is based solely on preclinical findings.
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5mg |
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